"THE LEARNED MAID' or, Whether a MAID may be a Scholar? A LOGICK EXERCISE Written In Latine by that incomparable Virgin Anna Maria à Schurman of Utrecht". This 1659 essay (which naturally includes some epistles to the famous Gassendus and others), firmly argues that yes, she may. Schurman corresponded with Descartes and other notable thinkers of the day about reason and the relationship with God, her views on which form the basis of her argument here.
